Term for the painting of portrait miniatures in watercolour, a technique that was popular from the 17th to the 19th century (see MINIATURE, §II). The term has also been applied to manuscript illumination, and in the USA self-taught naive portrait painters were described as limners until the early 19th century.

• miniatures (paintings)
  • Chivalry, orders of, §1: History
  • Jewellery, §4: 1726–1830
  • Miniature
  • Miniature, §II: Portrait and related forms
  • Photography, §II, 2: Portraiture
  • display
    • Display of art, §V: Miniatures, medals, coins and gems
  • historical and regional traditions
    • Argentina
      • Argentina, §III, 1: Painting, graphic arts and sculpture: Colonial period, 1536–1816
    • Central Asia, Eastern
      • Central Asia, §II, 4(ii)(c): Eastern: Painting, late 7th century AD and after
    • England
      • England, §III, 2(i): Painting, c 1450–c 1620
      • Horenbout: (2) Lucas Horenbout
      • Huguenots, §2(ii): Work and influence in England
      • Miniature, §II, 1: Portrait and related forms, c 1520–c 1620: From Clouet to Hilliard
      • Miniature, §II, 2: Portrait and related forms, c 1620–c 1730: From the Coopers to Boit
      • Miniature, §II, 3: Portrait and related forms, c 1730–c 1770: From Massé to Høyer
      • Miniature, §II, 4: Portrait and related forms, c 1770–c 1820: From Hall to Isabey
      • 16th cent.
        • Hilliard: (1) Nicholas Hilliard, §1(ii): First achievements
        • Hilliard: (1) Nicholas Hilliard, §1(iii): Elizabethan works
        • Teerlinc, Levina
    • France
      • Renaissance
        • Clouet: (1) Jean Clouet
    • Germany
      • 17th cent.
        • Fröschl, Daniel
    • Indian subcontinent
      • Indian subcontinent, §IX: Colonial-period decorative arts
    • Italy
      • Tomasino da Vimercate
    • Sweden
      • Schefferus, Johannes
  • materials
    • brushes
      • Brush, §1: Materials and manufacture
      • Brush, §2: History
    • enamel
      • Jewellery, §3: 1631–1725
    • gums
      • Gum
    • ivory
      • Ivory, §3(iii): 1600 and after
  • uses
    • marquetry
      • Marquetry, §1: Materials and techniques